Summary: Racism has never been a unique term to anyone, it has been around for so long. It is mentioned that the whites believe to have a supremacy upon other colored races, in the fears of yellow Asia, and the belief of pure from the contamination of Negro blood. Race in Germany served as a means of restoring their self-respect after the national humiliation of Versailles. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 declared racism as an official policy. World War II had brought German racial enemy, before the U.S. had became part of the war. There is a difference between racial and religious hatred. Racism remains in the hands of history, based on religious bigotry and on physical characteristics, dating well back to their ancestry.
The U.S. tried giving the African Americans a better deal, setting them free. However, the social conditions kept them impoverished and ignorant. The Holocaust provided a great amount of history on antisemitism, dealing with religious roots. In the 1960's historians produced plenty of works on racism, labeling it as a belief system, theory, or ideology. This was inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, and the decolonization of Africa. There still exists the belief that differences between ethnic groups involved are permanent. There can be intolerance towards religious or culture, but not racism.
Quote: "Such group-centeredness may engender prejudice and discrimination against those outside the group, but two additional elements would seem to be required before the categorization of racism is justified" (Fredrickson 169).
Reaction: This quote refers to culture, and if culture can actually be a factor for racism. It may cover the pride and loyalty that may result from a strong sense of ethnic identity. This quote reminds me of a conversation in Spanish class, on the Dominican Republic and Haiti. It is being said that the Dominicans are racist, because they have been kicking out all Haitians from D.R. no matter how long they have been living in the D.R. they are still being kicked out. Similar to the immigration problems in the United States, and the way once blacks were treated in the U.S. Meaning there is always going to be a problem with different ethnic groups depending on the wealth status of a country, their laws, and ethnic group differences, not racism. Unless, one group is trying to dominate or eliminate the other.
Thursday, April 28, 2011
Tuesday, April 12, 2011
Racism (120-160)
Summary: In the twenty first century, racism is still a problem. To some countries , racism is used to describe discrimination directed towards a group. Racializing people usually refers to an individuals ethnicity. A person's ethnicity is based upon a myth, a myth of collective ancestry, that usually carries its traits. Language, religion, customs, and physical characteristics is what is usually related with ethnicity. Difference or diverseness of a person can cause, hatred, discrimination, and violence. Xenophobia is literally the fear of stranger, it is an ancient phenomenon. While racism is a historical construction covering the time from the fourteenth century to the twenty first.
What has been called a new racism in the United Stated, Britain, and France relates to culture rather than genetics. The arrival of numerous amounts of immigrants has changed the way France thinks of racism. It is more of a way to distinguish their culture as welcome or unwelcome. In Britain skin color and culture remain close to one another. While in France the color is not as important, in fact dark skinned may be acceptable or welcome. However, many of the most bloody and bitter ethnic conflicts have not been completely racialization. Most minorities are discriminated by cultural or religious belief, rather than genetics. There is temptation to expand the term racism, and even add xenophobia and persecution based on religious and cultural differences. Even though, it is not time to give in to that, specially since racism in a sense refers to the enslavement and colonial domination. Society might also fail to realize that religion and genetics are not similar.
Quote: "As has been suggested, religion easily becomes race in the twisted minds of racist skinheads in eastern Germany or the United States" (Fredrickson 150).
Reaction: Racism has become a struggle for many to try and get rid of the term all together, however the term has been becoming broader as society reaches the future. Referring to historical events in the United States, Africans were discriminated against and enslaved not for their beliefs but for their color, and the thought of them being of lower rank. In Germany, the Jewish were discriminated against for their beliefs, they were made to be thought of as inhumane. Now the term of racism is not only trying to be based upon physical characteristics or beliefs, but it has become a fear of people, or a certain type of person.
What has been called a new racism in the United Stated, Britain, and France relates to culture rather than genetics. The arrival of numerous amounts of immigrants has changed the way France thinks of racism. It is more of a way to distinguish their culture as welcome or unwelcome. In Britain skin color and culture remain close to one another. While in France the color is not as important, in fact dark skinned may be acceptable or welcome. However, many of the most bloody and bitter ethnic conflicts have not been completely racialization. Most minorities are discriminated by cultural or religious belief, rather than genetics. There is temptation to expand the term racism, and even add xenophobia and persecution based on religious and cultural differences. Even though, it is not time to give in to that, specially since racism in a sense refers to the enslavement and colonial domination. Society might also fail to realize that religion and genetics are not similar.
Quote: "As has been suggested, religion easily becomes race in the twisted minds of racist skinheads in eastern Germany or the United States" (Fredrickson 150).
Reaction: Racism has become a struggle for many to try and get rid of the term all together, however the term has been becoming broader as society reaches the future. Referring to historical events in the United States, Africans were discriminated against and enslaved not for their beliefs but for their color, and the thought of them being of lower rank. In Germany, the Jewish were discriminated against for their beliefs, they were made to be thought of as inhumane. Now the term of racism is not only trying to be based upon physical characteristics or beliefs, but it has become a fear of people, or a certain type of person.
Wednesday, April 6, 2011
Racism (80-120)
Summary: When one comes to consider racism as an inevitable encounter with strangers and aliens, it completely takes the subject outside of history. If racism is thought of as a historical construction associated with the rise of modernity and with specific national contexts, then it can have an end to it. Plenty of historians, have made comparisons with whites and the Nazis, Jews. All of those racist regimes have been overthrown. Racism has existed long before the nineteenth century.
Many societies have been plural in racial prejudice and its tributes. They authorize the differences between dominant groups and the group being subjugated. The sense of racial difference and alienation is expressed in the laws a state is able to pass. Social segregation is mandated by law, and not merely the custom of product or private acts of discrimination. The state's goal is simply to bar all types of contact and equality with the segregators and the segregated. Also, such groups are excluded from being able to hold public office. The access they have to the resources around them are diminished, thus making them impoverished. This all well applied to the Jim Crow Laws of the South. Even though the blacks were free, laws were being placed on them which pretty much put them back under white control.
Societies have been made racist, they can be described as racialized societies. Even then they still fall in the same range of hatred with those who have already been introduced to racism. Whites among these, occupied an advantage position at the hands of indigenous populations. Common citizenship could long turn strong prejudices into exclusions of a kind that would be justified.
Quote: "The Negro is not bound by any treaty but only by brute force" (Fredrickson 112).
Reaction: Groups in South west Africa like the Nama were also targeted, they are the only surviving pure blooded descendants of the Khoikhoi which occupied most of southern Africa. The Germans intended to wipe out their entire race. They believed the Name were completely useless, and that they should not preserve the race. The Negroes were trying to be forced out of everything.
Many societies have been plural in racial prejudice and its tributes. They authorize the differences between dominant groups and the group being subjugated. The sense of racial difference and alienation is expressed in the laws a state is able to pass. Social segregation is mandated by law, and not merely the custom of product or private acts of discrimination. The state's goal is simply to bar all types of contact and equality with the segregators and the segregated. Also, such groups are excluded from being able to hold public office. The access they have to the resources around them are diminished, thus making them impoverished. This all well applied to the Jim Crow Laws of the South. Even though the blacks were free, laws were being placed on them which pretty much put them back under white control.
Societies have been made racist, they can be described as racialized societies. Even then they still fall in the same range of hatred with those who have already been introduced to racism. Whites among these, occupied an advantage position at the hands of indigenous populations. Common citizenship could long turn strong prejudices into exclusions of a kind that would be justified.
Quote: "The Negro is not bound by any treaty but only by brute force" (Fredrickson 112).
Reaction: Groups in South west Africa like the Nama were also targeted, they are the only surviving pure blooded descendants of the Khoikhoi which occupied most of southern Africa. The Germans intended to wipe out their entire race. They believed the Name were completely useless, and that they should not preserve the race. The Negroes were trying to be forced out of everything.
Racism (40-80)
Summary: The Europeans of the early and medieval times figured out that they could not completely get rid of other religions that did not refer to their God. Therefore, racism became the new policy to comply with. However, the highest religious authorities prohibited such form of ethnic predestination. The different beliefs, would create a distance between the slave traders and those who killed Jews. Unlike the Jews being blamed for everything that went wrong, the blacks were not considered cursed.
There was more controversy placed on Christian belief, as to how they believed that Adam and Eve were the progenitors of all humans. In the sixteenth century Giordano Bruno and Christopher Marlowe brought forth the belief that mankind had three ancestors, and that Adam was the forefather of the Jews only. This theory brought a racist fashion that all humans are not that single blood they believed to be. The modern concept of races has been classified by physical characteristics, primarily skin color. In western European the recognition of superior horses and dogs foreshadowed the ranking of human being with different characteristics.
By 1611, the Spanish dictionary included the word "raza" which would mean a caste or quality of authentic horses. This would refer to an amalgamation of Jewish or Moorish ancestors. It also believed around this time, that blood would have magical properties. That the blood of the Christians and that of the Jewish was clearly different. Whenever that word race was used, it mean that such races has an unchangeable characteristic.
Quote: "If they had asked men of science. they would have learned that the Negro in accordance with his formation, is not susceptible under equal conditions of education being raised to the same level of intelligence as the European" (Fredrickson 67).
Reaction: The age of democratic revolution began in the United States, with it they brought the doctrine of "all men are created equal". However, this reason would be hard to refer to the blacks and the Jewish, because they were considered less than human. That was until, the United States abolished slavery, and after the Constitution decided to reside with the Jews.
There was more controversy placed on Christian belief, as to how they believed that Adam and Eve were the progenitors of all humans. In the sixteenth century Giordano Bruno and Christopher Marlowe brought forth the belief that mankind had three ancestors, and that Adam was the forefather of the Jews only. This theory brought a racist fashion that all humans are not that single blood they believed to be. The modern concept of races has been classified by physical characteristics, primarily skin color. In western European the recognition of superior horses and dogs foreshadowed the ranking of human being with different characteristics.
By 1611, the Spanish dictionary included the word "raza" which would mean a caste or quality of authentic horses. This would refer to an amalgamation of Jewish or Moorish ancestors. It also believed around this time, that blood would have magical properties. That the blood of the Christians and that of the Jewish was clearly different. Whenever that word race was used, it mean that such races has an unchangeable characteristic.
Quote: "If they had asked men of science. they would have learned that the Negro in accordance with his formation, is not susceptible under equal conditions of education being raised to the same level of intelligence as the European" (Fredrickson 67).
Reaction: The age of democratic revolution began in the United States, with it they brought the doctrine of "all men are created equal". However, this reason would be hard to refer to the blacks and the Jewish, because they were considered less than human. That was until, the United States abolished slavery, and after the Constitution decided to reside with the Jews.
Racism (1-40)
Summary: Racism has been used in a way that does not describe the negative effects it has on ethnic groups or people. Hitler made up racist theories as an excuse for his treatment of the Jews. Same as the South did with Blacks, and the Jim Crow laws. Racism reached its highest point in the 20th century. Throughout history there has been a rise, and decline in the use of racism, however it is not yet wiped out from the world.
Now, it has been noted that religion has been one of the factors contributing to the invention of racism. The Greeks, Romans and early Christians placed people in either civilized or barbarous categories. These categories depended on the place in which an individual lived. The Romans had slaves, which represented all the colors and nationalities found on frontiers. As of their time, it is not exact as to whether what they did was a form of hatred towards dark skin color.
There was definitely prejudice among religions, for example the Jews. The Jews became unpopular with the Christians, because they had a different belief, that the New Testament overruled the old. They refused to recognize Christ, as it prevented the accomplishment of the gospel. The Christians could not judge the Jews for what they practiced, however they were criticized for not converting to Christianity as it was among them. The Jews were blamed for the worst possible human crime. Anti-Judaism became so strong a hatred, that it was rather better to eradicate the Jews than to try converting them. The Jews were thought to be evil, instead of having been thought of as having false beliefs. Attacks towards the Jews, began as early as 1096 during the First Crusade. Even though the Jews seemed to be quite useful, and harmless they were still viewed as a military and political threat.
Quote: "His blood be upon us and our Children" (Fredrickson 18).
Reaction: As of the organization of Christianity for the Jews, they were seen as guilty people for not following that belief. In Matthew 27:25 it is mentioned that the Jews cried out for the death of god. Therefore, anything wrong that was to happen would be fault of the Jews.
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